Pain is a multidimensional experience shaped by biological, psychological, and social factors. This session will review current theories and evidence in pain science, including pain mechanisms and phenotyping, to better understand individual variability in pain presentation. Through case-based learning, participants will apply contemporary pain concepts to person-centered assessment and management strategies, with an emphasis on aging adults. Practical examples will highlight how pain phenotyping may inform clinical reasoning in the physical therapy management of individuals living with persistent pain.