Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) can be a powerful savings tool for middle-income savers, owing to their combination of tax-deductible contributions, tax-free growth, and tax-free withdrawals for qualified medical expenses. And because there’s no time limit for HSA funds to be used during their owner’s lifetime, it’s possible to save and invest them over years or decades, and even to use HSAs as a source of tax-free income in retirement – not only to pay for health care costs during retirement, but also to reimburse any (not-previously-reimbursed) expenses that were incurred any time after the account was opened. By understanding the rules around HSAs – including when individuals and families are eligible to contribute (and how much they can contribute each year), which expenses are eligible (and what records the IRS requires to substantiate them), and what happens to an HSA in the event that the account owner dies – advisors can help their clients navigate HSA planning and get the most out of their tax-advantaged health savings.