Description: There’s a lot of talk about software-defined vehicles, but the reality is that connectivity will define the vehicle of the future as it already defines many vehicles today.  Connectivity is now implicated in safety, infotainment, contextual marketing, data sharing, vehicle-based commerce, and monetization.  Market leaders like Tesla and General Motors are turning to subscription-based models which are clearly connectivity dependent and generating billions of dollars in revenue. The reason connectivity is such a defining value proposition is because of its inherent complexity.  Antennas must be refined and tested, semiconductors and modules must be crafted to support multiple modes of connectivity.  And software must be written to manage connectivity processes which will increasingly allow for switching between connectivity providers and connectivity types. As the automotive industry electrifies, car companies will be more dependent than ever on wireless connections to evolve and manage customer relationships and replace lost aftermarket revenue from waning sales of internal combustion vehicles.  Connectivity will ultimately enable advanced orchestration of vehicles that ought to reduce highway fatalities while increasing vehicle throughput on already crowded roadways.  Cellular, satellite, V2X, Wi-Fi, private 5G are all implicated and will all play a role in this evolution.  At the same time, each connectivity branch will continue to undergo its own unique evolution and standards-setting activities – posing the ultimate challenge for car makers seeking to keep pace and differentiate their offerings.